Maror and chazeret — Bitter herbs, symbolizing
the bitterness and harshness of the slavery which the Jews endured
in Egypt. Either horseradish or romaine lettuce may be eaten in
fulfillment of the mitzvah of eating bitter herbs during the Seder.
Charoset — A sweet, brown mixture representing
the mortar used by the Jewish slaves to build the storehouses of
Egypt. In Ashkenazi Jewish homes, charoset is traditionally made
from chopped nuts, grated apples, cinnamon, and sweet red wine.
Sephardi recipes call for dates and honey in addition to chopped
nuts, cinnamon, and wine.
Karpas — A vegetable other than bitter herbs,
which is dipped into salt water at the beginning of the Seder.
Parsley, celery or boiled potato is usually used. The dipping of a
simple vegetable into salt water (which represents tears) mirrors
the pain felt by the Jewish slaves in Egypt. Usually in a Shabbat or
holiday meal, the first thing to be eaten after the kiddush over
wine is bread. At the Seder table, however, the first thing to be
eaten after the kiddush is a vegetable. This leads immediately to
the recital of the famous question, Ma Nishtana — "Why is this night
different from all other nights?"
Z'roa — A roasted lamb or goat shankbone, chicken
wing, or chicken neck; symbolizing the korban Pesach (Pesach
sacrifice), which was a lamb that was offered in the Temple in
Jerusalem, then roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder
night. Since the destruction of the Temple, the z'roa serves as a
visual reminder of the Pesach sacrifice; it is not eaten or handled
during the Seder. Vegetarians often substitute a beet, quoting
Pesachim 114b as justification.
Beitzah — A hard-boiled egg, symbolizing the
korban chagigah (festival sacrifice) that was offered in the Temple
in Jerusalem and roasted and eaten as part of the meal on Seder
night. Although both the Pesach sacrifice and the chagigah were meat
offerings, the chagigah is commemorated by an egg, a symbol of
mourning (as eggs are the first thing served to mourners after a
funeral), evoking the idea of mourning over the destruction of the
Temple and our inability to offer any kind of sacrifices in honor of
the Pesach holiday. Since the destruction of the Temple, the beitzah
serves as a visual reminder of the chagigah; it is not used during
the formal part of the seder, but some people eat it with saltwater
as the first course of the meal.
Sterling silver seder plate
Many decorative and artistic Seder Plates sold in Judaica stores have
pre-formed spaces for inserting the various symbolic foods.
Table set for the seder with a seder plate, salt
water, matza, kosher wine and a copy of the Haggadah for each guest
The seventh symbolic item on the Seder table is a plate of three whole
matzot, which are stacked and separated from each other by cloths or
napkins. The middle matzah will be broken and half of it put aside for
the afikoman. The top and other half of the middle matzot will be used
for the hamotzi (blessing over bread), and the bottom matzah will be
used for the korech (Hillel sandwich).
A bowl of salt water, which is used for the first "dipping" of the
Seder, is not traditionally part of the Seder Plate, but is placed on
the table beside it. However, it sometimes is used as one of the six
items, omitting chazeret. It is sometimes placed in the center of the
plate.
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